District metered area design through multicriteria and multiobjective optimization

The design of district metered areas (DMA) in potable water supply systems is of paramount importance for water utilities to properly manage their systems. Concomitant to their main objective, namely, to deliver quality water to consumers, the benefits include leakage reduction and prompt reaction in cases of natural or malicious contamination events. Given the structure of a water distribution network (WDN), graph theory is the basis for DMA design, and clustering algorithms can be applied to perform the partitioning. However, such sectorization entails a number of network modifications (installing cut-off valves and metering and control devices) involving costs and operation changes, which have to be carefully studied and optimized. Given the complexity of WDNs, optimization is usually performed using metaheuristic algorithms. In turn, optimization may be single or multiple-objective. In this last case, a large number of solutions, frequently integrating the Pareto front, may be produced. The decision maker has eventually to choose one among them, what may be tough task. Multicriteria decision methods may be applied to support this last step of the decision-making process. In this paper, DMA design is addressed by (i) proposing a modified k-means algorithm for partitioning, (ii) using a multiobjective particle swarm optimization to suitably place partitioning devices, (iii) using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to weight the four objective functions considered, and (iv) using technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) to rank the Pareto solutions to support the decision. This joint approach is applied in a case of a well-known WDN of the literature, and the results are discussed

Pattern Recognition and Clustering of Transient Pressure Signals for Burst Location

[EN] A large volume of the water produced for public supply is lost in the systems between sources and consumers. An important-in many cases the greatest-fraction of these losses are physical losses, mainly related to leaks and bursts in pipes and in consumer connections. Fast detection and location of bursts plays an important role in the design of operation strategies for water loss control, since this helps reduce the volume lost from the instant the event occurs until its effective repair (run time). The transient pressure signals caused by bursts contain important information about their location and magnitude, and stamp on any of these events a specific "hydraulic signature". The present work proposes and evaluates three methods to disaggregate transient signals, which are used afterwards to train artificial neural networks (ANNs) to identify burst locations and calculate the leaked flow. In addition, a clustering process is also used to group similar signals, and then train specific ANNs for each group, thus improving both the computational efficiency and the location accuracy. The proposed methods are applied to two real distribution networks, and the results show good accuracy in burst location and characterization.Manzi, D.; Brentan, BM.; Meirelles, G.; Izquierdo Sebastián, J.; Luvizotto Jr., E. (2019). Pattern Recognition and Clustering of Transient Pressure Signals for Burst Location. Water. 11(11):1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11112279S1131111Creaco, E., & Walski, T. (2017). Economic Analysis of Pressure Control for Leakage and Pipe Burst Reduction. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 143(12), 04017074. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000846Campisano, A., Creaco, E., & Modica, C. (2010). RTC of Valves for Leakage Reduction in Water Supply Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 136(1), 138-141. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2010)136:1(138)Campisano, A., Modica, C., Reitano, S., Ugarelli, R., & Bagherian, S. (2016). Field-Oriented Methodology for Real-Time Pressure Control to Reduce Leakage in Water Distribution Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 142(12), 04016057. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000697Vítkovský, J. P., Simpson, A. R., & Lambert, M. F. (2000). Leak Detection and Calibration Using Transients and Genetic Algorithms. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 126(4), 262-265. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2000)126:4(262)Pérez, R., Puig, V., Pascual, J., Quevedo, J., Landeros, E., & Peralta, A. (2011). Methodology for leakage isolation using pressure sensitivity analysis in water distribution networks. Control Engineering Practice, 19(10), 1157-1167. doi:10.1016/j.conengprac.2011.06.004Jung, D., & Kim, J. (2017). Robust Meter Network for Water Distribution Pipe Burst Detection. Water, 9(11), 820. doi:10.3390/w9110820Colombo, A. F., Lee, P., & Karney, B. W. (2009). A selective literature review of transient-based leak detection methods. Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 2(4), 212-227. doi:10.1016/j.jher.2009.02.003Choi, D., Kim, S.-W., Choi, M.-A., & Geem, Z. (2016). Adaptive Kalman Filter Based on Adjustable Sampling Interval in Burst Detection for Water Distribution System. Water, 8(4), 142. doi:10.3390/w8040142Christodoulou, S. E., Kourti, E., & Agathokleous, A. (2016). Waterloss Detection in Water Distribution Networks using Wavelet Change-Point Detection. Water Resources Management, 31(3), 979-994. doi:10.1007/s11269-016-1558-5Guo, X., Yang, K., & Guo, Y. (2012). Leak detection in pipelines by exclusively frequency domain method. Science China Technological Sciences, 55(3), 743-752. doi:10.1007/s11431-011-4707-3Holloway, M. B., & Hanif Chaudhry, M. (1985). Stability and accuracy of waterhammer analysis. Advances in Water Resources, 8(3), 121-128. doi:10.1016/0309-1708(85)90052-1Sanz, G., Pérez, R., Kapelan, Z., & Savic, D. (2016). Leak Detection and Localization through Demand Components Calibration. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 142(2), 04015057. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000592Zhang, Q., Wu, Z. Y., Zhao, M., Qi, J., Huang, Y., & Zhao, H. (2016). Leakage Zone Identification in Large-Scale Water Distribution Systems Using Multiclass Support Vector Machines. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 142(11), 04016042. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000661Mounce, S. R., & Machell, J. (2006). Burst detection using hydraulic data from water distribution systems with artificial neural networks. Urban Water Journal, 3(1), 21-31. doi:10.1080/15730620600578538Covas, D., Ramos, H., & de Almeida, A. B. (2005). Standing Wave Difference Method for Leak Detection in Pipeline Systems. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 131(12), 1106-1116. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(2005)131:12(1106)Liggett, J. A., & Chen, L. (1994). Inverse Transient Analysis in Pipe Networks. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 120(8), 934-955. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1994)120:8(934)Caputo, A. C., & Pelagagge, P. M. (2002). An inverse approach for piping networks monitoring. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 15(6), 497-505. doi:10.1016/s0950-4230(02)00036-0Van Zyl, J. E. (2014). Theoretical Modeling of Pressure and Leakage in Water Distribution Systems. Procedia Engineering, 89, 273-277. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2014.11.187Izquierdo, J., & Iglesias, P. . (2004). Mathematical modelling of hydraulic transients in complex systems. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 39(4-5), 529-540. doi:10.1016/s0895-7177(04)90524-9Lin, J., Keogh, E., Wei, L., & Lonardi, S. (2007). Experiencing SAX: a novel symbolic representation of time series. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 15(2), 107-144. doi:10.1007/s10618-007-0064-zNavarrete-López, C., Herrera, M., Brentan, B., Luvizotto, E., & Izquierdo, J. (2019). Enhanced Water Demand Analysis via Symbolic Approximation within an Epidemiology-Based Forecasting Framework. Water, 11(2), 246. doi:10.3390/w11020246Meirelles, G., Manzi, D., Brentan, B., Goulart, T., & Luvizotto, E. (2017). Calibration Model for Water Distribution Network Using Pressures Estimated by Artificial Neural Networks. Water Resources Management, 31(13), 4339-4351. doi:10.1007/s11269-017-1750-2Adamowski, J., & Chan, H. F. (2011). A wavelet neural network conjunction model for groundwater level forecasting. Journal of Hydrology, 407(1-4), 28-40. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.06.013Brentan, B., Meirelles, G., Luvizotto, E., & Izquierdo, J. (2018). Hybrid SOM+ k -Means clustering to improve planning, operation and management in water distribution systems. Environmental Modelling & Software, 106, 77-88. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.02.013Calinski, T., & Harabasz, J. (1974). A dendrite method for cluster analysis. Communications in Statistics - Theory and Methods, 3(1), 1-27. doi:10.1080/0361092740882710

Multi-criteria analysis applied to multi-objective optimal pump scheduling in water systems

[EN] This work presents a multi-criteria-based approach to automatically select specific non-dominated solutions from a Pareto front previously obtained using multi-objective optimization to find optimal solutions for pump control in a water supply system. Optimal operation of pumps in these utilities is paramount to enable water companies to achieve energy efficiency in their systems. The Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS) is used to rank the Pareto solutions found by the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) employed to solve the multi-objective problem. Various scenarios are evaluated under leakage uncertainty conditions, resulting in fuzzy solutions for the Pareto front. This paper shows the suitability of the approach for quasi real-world problems. In our case-study, the obtained solutions for scenarios including leakage represent the best trade-off among the optimal solutions, under some considered criteria, namely, operational cost, operational lack of service, pressure uniformity and network resilience. Potential future developments could include the use of clustering alternatives to evaluate the goodness of each solution under the considered evaluation criteria.Carpitella, S.; Brentan, BM.; Montalvo Arango, I.; Izquierdo Sebastián, J.; Certa, A. (2019). Multi-criteria analysis applied to multi-objective optimal pump scheduling in water systems. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply. 19(8):2338-2346. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.115S23382346198Ancău, M., & Caizar, C. (2010). The computation of Pareto-optimal set in multicriterial optimization of rapid prototyping processes. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 58(4), 696-708. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2010.01.015Aşchilean, I., Badea, G., Giurca, I., Naghiu, G. S., & Iloaie, F. G. (2017). Choosing the Optimal Technology to Rehabilitate the Pipes in Water Distribution Systems Using the AHP Method. Energy Procedia, 112, 19-26. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.1109Brentan, B., Meirelles, G., Luvizotto, E., & Izquierdo, J. (2018). Joint Operation of Pressure-Reducing Valves and Pumps for Improving the Efficiency of Water Distribution Systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 144(9), 04018055. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000974Certa, A., Enea, M., Galante, G. M., & La Fata, C. M. (2017). ELECTRE TRI-based approach to the failure modes classification on the basis of risk parameters: An alternative to the risk priority number. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 108, 100-110. doi:10.1016/j.cie.2017.04.018Chen, C.-T. (2000). Extensions of the TOPSIS for group decision-making under fuzzy environment. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 114(1), 1-9. doi:10.1016/s0165-0114(97)00377-1Cruz-Reyes, L., Fernandez, E., Sanchez, P., Coello Coello, C. A., & Gomez, C. (2017). Incorporation of implicit decision-maker preferences in multi-objective evolutionary optimization using a multi-criteria classification method. Applied Soft Computing, 50, 48-57. doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2016.10.037Farmani, R., Ingeduld, P., Savic, D., Walters, G., Svitak, Z., & Berka, J. (2007). Real-time modelling of a major water supply system. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management, 160(2), 103-108. doi:10.1680/wama.2007.160.2.103Hadas, Y., & Nahum, O. E. (2016). Urban bus network of priority lanes: A combined multi-objective, multi-criteria and group decision-making approach. Transport Policy, 52, 186-196. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.08.006Hamdan, S., & Cheaitou, A. (2017). Supplier selection and order allocation with green criteria: An MCDM and multi-objective optimization approach. Computers & Operations Research, 81, 282-304. doi:10.1016/j.cor.2016.11.005Ho, W. (2008). Integrated analytic hierarchy process and its applications – A literature review. European Journal of Operational Research, 186(1), 211-228. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2007.01.004Jowitt, P. W., & Germanopoulos, G. (1992). Optimal Pump Scheduling in Water‐Supply Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 118(4), 406-422. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1992)118:4(406)Jowitt, P. W., & Xu, C. (1990). Optimal Valve Control in Water‐Distribution Networks. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 116(4), 455-472. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1990)116:4(455)Kurek, W., & Ostfeld, A. (2013). Multi-objective optimization of water quality, pumps operation, and storage sizing of water distribution systems. Journal of Environmental Management, 115, 189-197. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.11.030Lima, G. M., Luvizotto, E., & Brentan, B. M. (2017). Selection and location of Pumps as Turbines substituting pressure reducing valves. Renewable Energy, 109, 392-405. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.056Mala-Jetmarova, H., Sultanova, N., & Savic, D. (2017). Lost in optimisation of water distribution systems? A literature review of system operation. Environmental Modelling & Software, 93, 209-254. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.02.009Montalvo, I., Izquierdo, J., Pérez-García, R., & Herrera, M. (2014). Water Distribution System Computer-Aided Design by Agent Swarm Optimization. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 29(6), 433-448. doi:10.1111/mice.12062Odan, F. K., Ribeiro Reis, L. F., & Kapelan, Z. (2015). Real-Time Multiobjective Optimization of Operation of Water Supply Systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 141(9), 04015011. doi:10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0000515Ostfeld, A., Uber, J. G., Salomons, E., Berry, J. W., Hart, W. E., Phillips, C. A., … Walski, T. (2008). The Battle of the Water Sensor Networks (BWSN): A Design Challenge for Engineers and Algorithms. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 134(6), 556-568. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(2008)134:6(556)Todini, E. (2000). Looped water distribution networks design using a resilience index based heuristic approach. Urban Water, 2(2), 115-122. doi:10.1016/s1462-0758(00)00049-2Zaidan, A. A., Zaidan, B. B., Al-Haiqi, A., Kiah, M. L. M., Hussain, M., & Abdulnabi, M. (2015). Evaluation and selection of open-source EMR software packages based on integrated AHP and TOPSIS. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 53, 390-404. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2014.11.012Żak, J., & Kruszyński, M. (2015). Application of AHP and ELECTRE III/IV Methods to Multiple Level, Multiple Criteria Evaluation of Urban Transportation Projects. Transportation Research Procedia, 10, 820-830. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2015.09.03

Water demand forecasting accuracy and influencing factors at different spatial scales using a Gradient Boosting Machine

Understanding, comparing, and accurately predicting water demand at different spatial scales is an important goal that will allow effective targeting of the appropriate operational and conservation efforts under an uncertain future. This study uses data relating to water consumption available at the household level, as well as postcode locations, household characteristics, and weather data in order to identify the relationships between spatial scale, influencing factors, and forecasting accuracy. For this purpose, a Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) is used to predict water demand 1–7 days into the future. Results show an exponential decay in prediction accuracy from a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 3.2% to 17%, for a reduction in group size from 600 to 5 households. Adding explanatory variables to the forecasting model reduces the MAPE up to 20% for the peak days and smaller household groups (20–56 households), whereas for larger aggregations of properties (100–804 households), the range of improvement is much smaller (up to 1.2%). Results also show that certain types of input variables (past consumption and household characteristics) become more important for smaller aggregations of properties, whereas others (weather data) become less important.Sanitary Engineerin

Enhanced Water Demand Analysis via Symbolic Approximation within an Epidemiology-Based Forecasting Framework

[EN] Epidemiology-based models have shown to have successful adaptations to deal with challenges coming from various areas of Engineering, such as those related to energy use or asset management. This paper deals with urban water demand, and data analysis is based on an Epidemiology tool-set herein developed. This combination represents a novel framework in urban hydraulics. Specifically, various reduction tools for time series analyses based on a symbolic approximate (SAX) coding technique able to deal with simple versions of data sets are presented. Then, a neural-network-based model that uses SAX-based knowledge-generation from various time series is shown to improve forecasting abilities. This knowledge is produced by identifying water distribution district metered areas of high similarity to a given target area and sharing demand patterns with the latter. The proposal has been tested with databases from a Brazilian water utility, providing key knowledge for improving water management and hydraulic operation of the distribution system. This novel analysis framework shows several benefits in terms of accuracy and performance of neural network models for water demand.Navarrete-López, CF.; Herrera Fernández, AM.; Brentan, BM.; Luvizotto Jr., E.; Izquierdo Sebastián, J. (2019). Enhanced Water Demand Analysis via Symbolic Approximation within an Epidemiology-Based Forecasting Framework. Water. 11(246):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020246S11711246Fecarotta, O., Carravetta, A., Morani, M., & Padulano, R. (2018). Optimal Pump Scheduling for Urban Drainage under Variable Flow Conditions. Resources, 7(4), 73. doi:10.3390/resources7040073Creaco, E., & Pezzinga, G. (2018). Comparison of Algorithms for the Optimal Location of Control Valves for Leakage Reduction in WDNs. Water, 10(4), 466. doi:10.3390/w10040466Nguyen, K. A., Stewart, R. A., Zhang, H., Sahin, O., & Siriwardene, N. (2018). Re-engineering traditional urban water management practices with smart metering and informatics. Environmental Modelling & Software, 101, 256-267. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.12.015Adamowski, J., & Karapataki, C. (2010). Comparison of Multivariate Regression and Artificial Neural Networks for Peak Urban Water-Demand Forecasting: Evaluation of Different ANN Learning Algorithms. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 15(10), 729-743. doi:10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000245Caiado, J. (2010). Performance of Combined Double Seasonal Univariate Time Series Models for Forecasting Water Demand. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 15(3), 215-222. doi:10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000182Herrera, M., Torgo, L., Izquierdo, J., & Pérez-García, R. (2010). Predictive models for forecasting hourly urban water demand. Journal of Hydrology, 387(1-2), 141-150. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.04.005Msiza, I. S., Nelwamondo, F. V., & Marwala, T. (2008). 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Memory seats and the patient record

The patient's medical record is made evident, an information package compiled during the course of the individual in a Health area institution. Considered a relevant instrument of communication between many professionals focused on patient care, in the medical record one can find test results, prescribed treatments, results obtained, among other things. It constitutes a valuable document since it subsidizes the medical staff and the institution confirming actions taken and emerging costs. As a result of the various possibilities of use, our objective is to characterize the patient’s medical record as one of the places of memory according to Nora’s idea. Through theoretical research it is possible to notice that its characteristics, functions and purposes for which it was created authorize its inclusion in the category of places of memory

Battle of the Attack Detection Algorithms:Disclosing cyber attacks on water distribution networks

The BATtle of the Attack Detection ALgorithms (BATADAL) is the most recent competition on planning and management of water networks undertaken within the Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium. The goal of the battle was to compare the performance of algorithms for the detection of cyber-physical attacks, whose frequency increased in the past few years along with the adoption of smart water technologies. The design challenge was set for C-Town network, a real-world, medium-sized water distribution system operated through Programmable Logic Controllers and a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. Participants were provided with datasets containing (simulated) SCADA observations, and challenged with the design of an attack detection algorithm. The effectiveness of all submitted algorithms was evaluated in terms of time-to-detection and classification accuracy. Seven teams participated in the battle and proposed a variety of successful approaches leveraging data analysis, model-based detection mechanisms, and rule checking. Results were presented at the Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium (World Environmental & Water Resources Congress), in Sacramento, on May 21-25, 2017. This paper summarizes the BATADAL problem, proposed algorithms, results, and future research directions

Social network community detection and hybrid optimization for dividing water supply into district metered areas

Water supply utilities need to properly manage their systems to guarantee a quality supply. One way to manage large systems is through division into district metered areas (DMAs). Graph clustering with an unknown number of subdivisions, as in social network theory, has proven highly efficient in this sectorization problem. Several physical and hydraulic features may easily be used as criteria to suitably divide the network. This paper uses social network community detection algorithms to define several DMA scenarios. Configurations mainly depend on nodal demand and elevation, but adaptations may be needed to guarantee full supply in future scenarios related to system growth- and rehabilitation actions may also be required. The problem associated with pipes and valves is first solved with three optimization methods. The best solutions then enter a new optimization process, in which tank dimensions and valve set points are defined. This complex optimization-segregation approach enables an improvement in the hydraulic efficiency of the E-Town network at an affordable cost, and this approach also determines the measures needed to meet the dry season requirements